| Absorption |
The
process by which the number of particles or photons
entering a body of matter is reduced by interaction of
the particles or radiation with the matter, the reduction
of the energy of a particle while traversing a body of
matter. |
| Accelerator |
A device for
increasing the velocity and energy of charged elementary
particles through application of electrical and/or
magnetic forces. |
| Alpha Particle |
A doubly ionized
helium atom consisting of two protons and two neutrons. |
| Angstrom |
A unit of length
equal to 1E-8 centimeters. |
| Annihilation
Radiation |
A
positron-negatron interaction in which the rest masses of
both particles are ultimately given up as
electro-magnetic radiation. |
| Atom |
The smallest
particle of an element which can enter into a chemical
combination. |
| Atomic Number |
The number (Z) of
protons within the atomic nucleus. The electrical charge
of these protons determines the number and arrangement of
the outer electrons of the atom and, thereby, the
chemical and physical properties of the element. |
| Atomic Weight |
Atomic weight is
.the relative weight of the atom on the basis of oxygen
as 16. For a pure isotope, the atomic weight rounded off
to the nearest integer gives the total number of nucleons
(neutrons and protons) making up the atomic nucleus. |
| Barn |
A unit area used
in expressing the interaction cross-sections of atoms,
nuclei, electrons, and other particles One barn is equal
to 1E-24 square centimeters |
| Beta Particle |
An elementary
'particle emitted from the nucleus during radioactive
decay, with a single electrical charge and a mass equal
to 1/1837 that of a proton. A negatively charged beta
particle is identical to an electron. |
| Binding Energy |
The binding energy
of a nucleus is the minimum energy required to
disassociate it into its component neutrons and protons.
Neutron and proton binding energies are those required to
remove a neutron or a proton, respectively, from a
nucleus. Electron binding energy is that energy required
to remove an electron from an atom or a molecule. |
| Bipolar Transistor |
A transistor that
uses both positive and negative charge carriers. |
| Blackbody |
A perfect emitter
(radiator) of electromagnetic radiation having a
characteristic energy which is the sole determinant of
its radiated energy spectrum. |
| Bremsstrahlung |
Electromagnetic
radiation emitted (as photons) when a fast-moving charged
particle (usually an electron) loses energy upon being
accelerated and deflected by the electric field
surrounding a positively charged atomic nucleus. X-rays
produced in x-ray machines are Bremsstrahlung. |
| Capture |
A process in which
an atomic or nuclear system acquires an additional
particle; for example, the capture of electrons by
positive ions, or capture of electrons or neutrons by
nuclei. |
| Charge Transfer |
The movement of
charge within a material or from one 'material to another
due to the interaction of high energy nuclear radiation
with the material. |
| Collision |
A close approach
of two or more particles, photons, atoms, or nuclei,
during which such quantities as energy, momentum, and
charge may be exchanged. |
| Compton Effect |
Elastic scattering
of photons by electrons resulting in a decrease in energy
of photons. |
| Cross Section |
A measure of the
probability of a particular process. |
| Curie |
Unit of measuring
radioactivity. One curie is equal to 3.7E11
disintegrations per second. |
| Decay |
Diminution of the
activity of a radioactive substance due to nuclear
emission of alpha or beta particles, gamma rays, or
positrons. |
| Dose |
The radiation
energy absorbed-per unit mass of a material. |
| Dose Rate |
The dose absorbed
per unit time. |
| Dosimeter |
device that
measures radiation dose. |
| Electromagnetic
Radiation |
Radiation
consisting of associated and interacting electric and
magnetic waves that travel at the speed of light; e.g.,
light, radio waves, gamma rays, and x-rays. |
| Electron Volt |
The amount of
kinetic energy gained by an electron when it is
accelerated through an electric potential difference of 1
volt. |
| Epitaxial |
Refers to the
formation of single-crystalline material upon a
single-crystalline substrate by chemical reduction from
the vapor phase. The grown material assumes the same
crystal orientation as the substrate. |
| Eutectic |
A mixture of two
or more substances which has the lowest melting point. |
| Fluorescence |
Radiation emitted
as a result of absorbing radiation energy from another
source. |
| fluence |
The number of
particles or photons or the amount of energy that enters
an imaginary sphere of unit cross-sectional area. |
| Flux |
The flow of
photons, particles, or energy per unit time through an
imaginary sphere of unit cross-sectional area. |
| Gamma Rays |
Electromagnetic
radiation released during a nuclear transition. |
| Half-Life |
The time in which
half the atoms of a particular radioactive substance
disintegrate to another nuclear form. |
| Injection Current |
The current
flowing in the load of a cable exposed to photon
radiation. Injection currents result from the motion of
charge between the shield and wires of the cable. |
| Intensity |
Energy, particle,
or photon fluence. |
| Ionization |
The process of
adding one or more electrons to, or removing one or more
electrons from, atoms or molecules. |
| Ionizing Radiation |
Any radiation
displacing electrons from atoms or molecules. |
| Irradiation |
Exposure to
radiation. |
| Latchup |
Regenerative
device action in transistors or circuits in which an
undesirable stable condition is obtained. |
| Linear Accelerator |
A long straight
tube in which charged particles gain in energy by the
action of oscillating electromagnetic fields. |
| Long Pulse |
The ionizing dose
resulting from neutron irradiation. Long is a relative
term indicating that the flight time spreads the neutron
pulse relative to the prompt gamma pulse. |
| Neutron |
An uncharged
elementary particle with a mass slightly greater than
that of the proton and found in the nucleus of every atom
heavier than hydrogen. |
| Permanent Effects |
Changes in
material properties that persist for a long time compared
with the normal response time of the system of which the
material is a part. |
| Photocurrent |
A flow of excess
charge carriers generated by ionizing radiation. |
| Photoelectric
Effect |
A photon is
absorbed in an interaction with an electron causing the
struck electron to be ejected from the atom. |
| Photon |
The carrier of a
quantum of electromagnetic energy. |
| Planckian Spectrum |
Blackbody energy
spectrum according to Planck's radiation law. |
| Prompt Pulse |
The initial high intensity, short duration ionizing
dose associated with the detonation of a nuclear weapon.
This is also known as the short pulse. |
| Replacement
Current |
The photoejection
from and transfer of charge in a system creates a charge
imbalance. The charge redistributes itself in a fashion
dictated by the electrical characteristics of the
system's structure. The resulting current is called a
replacement current. |
| Roentgen |
A unit of
ionization equivalent to dose of 87.7 ergs per gram in
air. |
| Secondary Electron |
An electron
emitted as a result of bombardment of a material with
radiation. |
| Shielding |
The technique of
enclosing an object within a container specifically
designed to attenuate or otherwise exclude nuclear or
electromagnetic radiation. |
| Spall |
Dynamic fracture
of a material resulting from a very short duration stress
pulse. |
| Stopping Power |
The measure of the
effect of a substance upon the kinetic energy of a
charged particle passing through it. |
| Total Dose |
The total ionizing
dose received by the device from the various radiation
environments. |
| Transient Effects |
Change in material
properties that persist for a time shorter than or
comparable to, the normal response time of the system of
which the material is a part, |
| X-ray |
A penetrating form
of electromagnetic radiation emitted either when the
inner orbital electrons of an excited atom return to
their normal state or when a charged particle is
accelerated or decelerated. |
| ASAT |
Anti-Satellite |
| AVCS |
Altitude and
Velocity Control Subsystem |
| CCB |
Configuration
Control Board |
| CIT |
Current Injection
Test |
| CMOS |
PMOS and NMOS
utilized as a complementary pair |
| D |
Total dose in
rad(Si) |
| DCD |
Dual Command
Decoder |
| DEMP |
Dispersed
Electromagnetic Pulse |
| DIIC |
Dielectric
Isolated Integrated Circuit |
| DL |
Design Limits |
| DT |
Design Tolerance |
| ECEMP |
Electron Caused
Electromagnetic Pulse |
| EMP |
Electromagnetic
Pulse |
| EPS |
Electrical Power
System |
| EVDP |
Elemental Volume
Dose Program |
| FBR |
Fast Burst Reactor |
| FDC |
Final Design
Complete |
| FDC |
Final Design
Complete |
| FDV |
Functional Design
Verification |
| FET |
Field Effect
Transistor |
| FXR |
Flash X-ray |
| G |
Dose rate in
rad(Si)/s |
| HA |
Hardness Assurance |
| HAP |
Hardness Assurance
Program |
| HAPP |
Hardness Assurance
Program Plan |
| HAWG |
Hardness Assurance
Working Group |
| HCC |
Hardness Critical
Category |
| HCI |
Hardness Critical
Item |
| HCP |
Hardness Critical
Process/Procedure |
| HDM |
Hardness Design
Margin |
| IC |
Integrated Circuit |
| IEMP |
Internal
Electromagnetic Pulse |
| IMP |
Integrated Master
Plan |
| IMS |
Integrated Master
Schedule |
| IPT |
Integrated Product
Team |
| JFET |
Junction Field
Effect Transistor |
| JIIC |
Junction Isolated
Integrated Circuit |
| JPO |
Joint Program
Office |
| LET |
Linear Energy
Transfer |
| LINAC |
Linear Accelerator |
| LTH |
LET Threshold |
| MCT |
Multiple
Collateral Threat |
| MFP |
Mean Free Path |
| MOS |
Metal Oxide
Semiconductor |
| N |
Neutron fluence in
n/cm2; 1 MeV eq. |
| NBC |
Nuclear, Biological and Chemical |
| NH&S |
Nuclear Hardness &
Survivability |
| NMOS |
N-channel MOS |
| PCB |
Parts Control
Board |
| PDC |
Preliminary Design
Complete |
| PMOS |
P-channel MOS |
| PMPCB |
Parts, Materials,
Processing Control Board |
| QAB |
Quality Assurance
Board |
| rad |
Radiation Absorbed
Dose |
| RF |
Radio frequency |
| RTVM |
Requirements
Verification Tracking Matrix |
| S/V |
Space Vehicle |
| S/VAR |
Survivability
Vulnerability Analysis Report |
| SDC |
System Design
Complete |
| SEIT |
Systems
Engineering Integration & Test |
| SETA |
Systems
Engineering Test and Analysis |
| SFXR |
Super Flash X-ray |
| SGEMP |
System Generated
Electromagnetic Pulse |
| SOS |
Silicon on
Sapphire |
| SPAR |
System Performance
Analysis Report |
| SRD |
Systems
Requirements Document |
| SS |
Sample Size |
| SSS |
Spin Sun Sensor |
| TLD |
Thermoluminescent
Dosimeter |
| TPD |
Terminal
Protection Device |
| TRAC |
Transient
Radiation Analysis by Computer |
| TREE |
Transient
Radiation Effects on Electronics |
| TT&C |
Telemetry Tracking
& Control |
| USAFSD |
U.S. Air Force
Space Division |
| Z |
Atomic Number |